| 1 |
Why am I unable to set the IP to the device
using IPSet utility provided in the help CD? |
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- The power to the sensorProbe may be lost. Check the red LED. It should be steadily lit.
- The device is not hooked up properly with the LAN/network/Patch cable. Check the green LED. It should be steadily lit.
- The PC used to configure the sensorProbe is on a different subnet than the device. Note: IPSet.exe will not work across routers. It will work across switches and hubs.
- Try to connect a crossover cable from a computer directly to the sensorProbe. This is the recommended method to set up the sensorProbe.
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| 2 |
What
is the default IP of the device? |
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- The default IP assigned at the factory is:
192.168.0.100
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| 3 |
If
the IPSet fails, is there any other method of
assigning the IP Address? |
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Yes, the following step will help setting up the IP address.
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| 4 |
Can
I use the default IP of the device to access the
web interface and later assign the desired IP? |
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- Yes, you can access the web interface by
entering the IP 192.168.0.100 in your browser.
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| 5 |
I am
able to ping the device IP, but I am not getting
the web interface when I enter the IP in the browser? |
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The proxy settings of the browser may be
preventing the access to the device. Please
disable the proxy settings to access the web
interface.
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You have updated the micro code of the firmware, but you
have not updated the html code update. Html
code updates has to be done, after the micro code
update is done.
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| 6 |
Where
can I find the MAC address of the device? |
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The MAC address of the device can be found
on the bottom cover of the device
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On the web interface under Network page
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When using IPSet in Automaticcally Get MAC mode
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| 7 |
Where
can I find the mib file for the device? |
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The mib file for the device can be found in the help CD, under the directory: \akcp_utilities\mib\
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| 8 |
I
cannot set the device to send mails? |
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- The SMTP server is entered is wrong.
- The send mail option is not enabled in the
Mail settings page.
- The timeout period entered is too low.
- The gateway IP is not entered in the network
page
- The mail from address is not set
- The mail server is not responding
- The mail from address is not validated
in the mail server
- The mail server settings prohibit it from
accepting connections form the device IP
- The firewall in the network is preventing
the SMTP traffic.
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| 9 |
I cannot login to the device. |
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- The password entered is wrong.
- The password has been changed by another
user.
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| 10 |
I’m
not able to change the settings in the device. |
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You have logged into the device as a user. Only an administrator can make changes to the settings.
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| 11 |
How
can I recover a lost password? |
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You need to contact AKCP at support@akcp.com with the MAC address of your sensorProbe.
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| 12 |
The
device is not able to sent Traps |
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- The destination TRAP IP is not set the TRAP
settings.
- The community entered is wrong.
- The firewall is blocking the TRAP traffic.
- The send Trap option is Off.
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| 13 |
I
have HP OpenView, but I’m not able to receive
the Traps. |
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For changing the Traps to HP OpenView style,
you need to send an SNMP command to the device
given below:
snmpset <IP> <community> .1.3.6.1.4.1.3854.1.2.2.1.60.0 i X
Where IP is the IP address of the sensorProbe.
Community default is "public". and
X can take 3 values: 1 (WhatsUP gold style),
2 (HP OpenView Style), 3(both Style). By default,
the X value set is 1. |
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| 14 |
I
have assigned the gateway IP, and when I say Save,
it reverts back to the default IP? |
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This happens when the device is not able to find the IP entered. When the IP is entered,
the device searches for the IP, if it finds, it will accept the IP entered, or else,
it will revert back to the default IP.
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| 15 |
Is the temperature sensor inbuilt within the sensorProbe? |
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No. We tried to do that when we first designed the sensorProbe. It is much cheaper to have an integrated
temperature sensor. That is the purpose of the grill on the top of the box. What we found is that there is
no way to stop the heat from the sensorProbe from affecting the temperature sensor; this affect is
from 2 to 4 degrees Celsius. What would have been necessary had we proceeded with that design would
have been to "tune" out the offset by applying a fudge factor. The problem is that this fudge factor
would have had to change depending on the temperature and the operating conditions. So if we add in fudge
factor for normal room temperatures it would have to change when there was a problem with the air
conditioning and the ambient temperature was higher. Because of all these reasons, we came up with
the external sensors, so that the measurements done by the sensors are accurate and there is no need for calibration.
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| 16 |
How can I use sp2Init.bat, sp8Init.bat, or cpInit.bat to initialize all configurations in the sensorProbe or cameraProbe8? |
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The "sp2Init.bat" is for using with sensorProbe2; the "sp8Init.bat" is for using with sensorProbe8; and the "cpInit.bat" is for using with cameraProbe8. In this FAQ, we use "sp2Init.bat" as an example. The "sp2Init.bat" is resides on the CD-ROM. It is in the "ucd_utilities" directory. You can run the batch file directly from the CD-ROM.
- Go to the DOS-prompt and change the drive letter to CD-ROM; then, change the directory to "ucd_utilities"
- Run the sp2Init.bat with the following syntax:
sp2Init <IP> <community>
where <IP> is replaced by the IP Address of the sensorProbe and <community> is replaced by the Administrator password (the default is public)
Note: During the process, you may see a lots of messages saying "Cannot find module ... ". Please ignore these alert messages since the batch file is still working fine.
- Wait until the command prompt is displayed again. This indicates that the initialization has finished.
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| 17 |
I own a sensorProbe8-X20 and would like to input voltage to those 20 extra dry contact switches. What is your recommended voltage value that I can put on the dry contact so that I will not burn the system? |
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I assume that you are using an opto-isolated type of the dry contacts since there is no
need to input voltage to the dry contacts that are configured as non-isolated.
The dry contacts are designed to have the current on LED in range of 5 to 27mA with
680ohm resister connected internally. The input voltage is then ranging from 5 to 20Volts.
So, the maximum voltage that can be put on the dry contact is 20 Volts.
This is true for both sensorProbe8-X20 and X60.
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| 18 |
OK. If I need to input more than 20 Volts to the dry contacts, what is my option to do that? And, what will happen if I put a voltage on the dry contact that is configured to be non-isolated? |
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Assume you want to input 48V to the dry contacts whether it is opto-isolated or not, you can connect an external resistor at the input pin of the dry contacts. This external resistor will be serial to the 680ohm internal resistor. Let's allow 10mA current to flow in to the LED of the opto; thus, the external resistor value is (48V/10mA) - 680ohm = 4120ohm. A more common value would be 4.7Kohm.
If 4.7K is used, there exist the current of (48V/5380ohm) = 9mA. The power on the resistor is about (9mA)^2 * 4.7K = 0.38 watts. Thus, the 0.5 watt resistor should be enough.
To conclude, putting the external resistor at the input pin of the dry contacts will help prevent the resistors on the board to burn out even though the circuit is not opto-isolated and some voltage is put on the input of the dry contacts.
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| 19 |
I need to know if a sensorProbe8-X20 is in a site or not, I mean, when a long time has passed and no TRAP has been received, how we can know if it is because there is no problem or because link is off. |
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You can also use the traps to provide, as something called a system heartbeat. To do this you can configure an unused dry contact input. Place it into an alarm state. Configure traps to be resent every a certain period of time (for example, 10 seconds). This should provide you with the heartbeat that you need.
Please note that traps are not guaranteed to be delivered. So they can be lost in transmission without any error indication. On big network management installations traps and polling are used in combination. Traps are used to provide an immediate notification of a problem and also to reduce network traffic. The traps are then combined with periodic polling of the sensors, but at a less frequent rate in order to reduce network bandwidth utilization.
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| 20 |
I am sure that all settings for the Digital Voltmeter sensor are correct, but it seems to have error in the reading. How can I correct this error? |
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The Digital Voltmeter and 4-20mA sensors have an input as analog signal which will be converted
to digital using an A/D converter. Normally, the A/D converter is calibrated in production process.
But, you also can do it by following the steps below.
- On the web interface, turn off an Autosense for port#1. To do this,
- Go to the Sensor setting on the web interface by clicking on a "Sensor" tab.
- On the bottom of the left side menu, click on "Autosense".
- Select "Disable" for the port# 1. Then, click "Save".
- Connect 1.25VDC to RJ45 port# 1. The 1.25V is the voltage across pin 7 and 8 of the cable plugged into the RJ45 port.
- Set a Digital Voltmeter sensor online on this port. We only focus on a Raw Analog, so you do not need to change any settings.
- Go to the setting page of the DC sensor at port# 1. Select "Online" for Go Online/Offline field. Then, click "Save".
- Run snmpset command as
snmpset <IP> <community> .1.3.6.1.4.1.3854.1.2.2.1.80.0 i 0
Replace <IP> with the IP address of your sensorProbe, and <community> with the administrator password.
- The raw analog reading from the web interface should read
500 (+/-5).
Please note that all RJ45 ports use the same A/D converter. Therefore, the calibration on any port
will also have an effect for other ports. And, an error for each sensor is different due to
components (e.g. resistors, capacitors) on the sensor. So, it is possible that the same input
value will not be read the same for different sensors on the same sensorProbe. |
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| 21 |
I just finished a calibration process, but the reading is still a little bit off. Is there any way to fine tune the reading? |
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In the calibration process, we set the offset of the reference voltage so that the raw analog read 500 when the input to the RJ45 port is 1.25 volts. However, the sensor that you are using may still have error due to some components (e.g. resistors and capacitors). Run snmpset command as:
snmpset <IP> <community> .1.3.6.1.4.1.3854.1.2.2.1.96.<port-1> i <offset>
where
- <IP> is the IP address of your sensorProbe.
- <community> is the administrator password.
- <port-1> is the port number where the sensor for which you want to adjust the offset is plugged in.
- <offset> is the offset value. It should be in a range from 485 to 515.
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| 22 |
Your AC voltage detector can only sense the presence of the voltage. Do you have an AC voltage sensor that can measure the voltage and display the value on the web interface similar to the temperature or humidity sensors?
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You will need an external AC voltage sensor/transducer. Then, you can integrate it with the sensorProbe via a Digital Voltmeter sensor or a 4-20mA voltage sensor. Therefore, please make sure that the AC voltage sensor/transducer have an output as either Digital Voltmeter or 4-20mA.
The output of the AC voltage sensor/transducer should be linearized to work best when integrated with the sensorProbe. There is a custom setting section on the Digital Voltmeter and 4-20mA sensor web interface where the unit of a measured entity (AC voltage in this case) can be customized to any text such as "V(rms)" for measuring the RMS voltage.
Note: some sensor/transducer may need a power supply which you have to provide as well.
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| 23 |
How can I add software to the sensorProbe8Linux or the cameraProbe8? |
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You can extend the software set on the sensorProbe8Linux or the cameraProbe8..
Nagios is one of many programs that we port, for instance. We also port RRDTool
which is a data logging and graphing tool and integrate it to display a graph for
our sensors data. On the Summary page of your device, click on "View Graph"
of any sensor; then, you will see RRDTool graph there.
The root file system is read-only; therefore, you will need to copy them to
a user partition which is editable.
- Create a copy of configuration files for Nagios: The place where
you can write (create directories and files) is in "/flash1/user" directory.
I would recommend you create a directory for all Nagios
configuration files as "/flash1/user/nagios/etc"
#/ mkdir -p /flash1/user/nagios/etc
- Then, copy all files from "/usr/nagios/etc" to "/flash1/user/nagios/etc"
#/ cp /usr/nagios/etc/* /flash1/user/nagios/etc/
- Edit configuration files: You can now edit the configuration files
to the way you would like the Nagios to work.
You can use "vi" on the sensorProbe8Linux/cameraProbe8 to edit the files.
- You also need to modify the files "nagios.cfg" and "cgi.cfg" since some
entries inside these files refer to the path "/usr/nagios/etc" instead
of "/flash1/user/nagios/etc".
In "vi", you can use the following command to replace all entries.
:%s;/usr/nagios/etc/;/flash1/user/nagios/etc/;g
- Start Nagios: the script that is used to start Nagios is also in
read-only partition.
You then need to create a file "/flash1/user/etc/nagios" and add the
line "NAGIOS_CFG=/flash1/user/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg" to this file and save it.
Then, on the web interface, check the box in front of Nagios on the
"System Setup" page and click "Save".
The Nagios web interface is integrated to the "Application" tab. The
username and password are fixed.
The username is "nagiosadmin", and the password is "admin".
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| 24 |
How much sensor data can be stored on the sP8L?
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There are two modes of data storage/graphing on the sP8L: RRD and JavaScript.
If JavaScript graphing is used, the device has enough memory to save 8,640 data
points for each sensor. This corresponds to 90 days at a frequency of 15 minutes,
or 6 days at a frequency of 1 minute.
35,040 data points for each sensor can be stored in the RRD Tools database.
If data is recorded every 15 minutes, then there will be enough data to display
measurements for up to 1 year. Besides the increased data capacity, RRD is a highly
versatile memory storage tool.
Graphs can be plotted by the RRD Tool, into the web-based user interface.
The individual graph (day, week, month, and year) for each sensor type can be customized,
simply by modifying the script template used to generate a particular graph.
On our Linux devices, the flash partition for sensor data / graph storage is 32Mbytes.
We cannot change this until we start shipping with larger flash.
That will probably happen in a month or so - we are currently in the process of
upgrading the CPU / Flash board on the sP8L.
Because each temperature sensor connected to our Linux devices is given its own unique
OID (Object Identification) on the network, you can also use a freeware MRTG program
to graph the temperatures on a PC or remote website.
The MRTG tool will poll the sensors OID's and store the data in a graph.
In this way you could expand the memory for data storage indefinitely.
We can help you to set up your MRTG tool, and provide simple scripts to help you get started.
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| 25 |
Can I use custom DC or 4-20mA sensors?
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Our product has ability to integrate with custom sensors via our Digital Voltmeter
sensor or 4-20mA sensor. For integration with custom sensors, the unit text can be
customized to whatever you would like; this text is reflected on the summary page
of the web interface. All numbers are displayed in decimal format.
On the DC and 4-20mA sensor configuration pages, you can display readings either as absolute
values or as a percentage of full scale; you can customize a unit for measured entity.
The external sensor used should have an output as a linearized Digital Voltmeter or 4-20mA signal
We suggest you find sensors that will best suit your requirements, and then we will make
sure they can integrate with the SP2.
For example we have customers that use our Digital Voltmeter sensor to integrate pressure sensors
and water salinity sensors. We even have customers measuring radiation using our sensorProbes.
The user can easily input their own labels and output value scales.
If you label the sensor output as MPa, sensor values will appear on the summary page and in
emails as MPa. You can configure the scale to be absolute such as 0-100 VAC or a percentage
such as 0-100%.
The data stored and graphs plotted on the sensorProbe will also have the correct labels and
scaled units.
Note: Emails and SMS will also be displayed in the configured units at the correct scale.
4-20mA signals are very popular in industrial sensors, and are particularly resistant to
interference from electromagnetic noise.
Note that some sensors and transducers may require an extra power supply, and in some
cases may need other electrical components.
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| 26 |
Can I adjust the sensitivity of the motion detector?
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You can adjust the sensitivity of the motion detector using the sensor status filter.
The sensor status filter allows you to enter a time delay that must occur before the
sensor changes status - thus filtering out noise in the signal. This avoids unnecessary
sending of notifications, as fluctuations can occur during normal working conditions.
To find this, go to the Motion Sensor Settings page of the web interface, and click on the sensor
status filters button. Change the "Continuous time (secs) sensor is <Normal / Critical>
to report" field to some value other than zero. I suggest 1.
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| 27 |
What is the accuracy of a 4-20mA converter?
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The accuracy of our 4-20mA converters is 0.15%.
The resolution of our 4-20mA converters is 0.1mA.
You can use these figures in conjunction with your sensor's accuracy to find the
overall precision of your readings.
You can also calibrate the 4-20mA converter.
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| 28 |
What are the supported mobile phones and GSM modems?
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Tested mobile phones:
Serial Connection (COM1): Sony Ericsson T68i, T610.
Bluetooth: Sony Ericsson T68i, T610; Nokia Series 30, 60.
Tested GPRS modems:
iTegno 3232E/3232I
iTegno 3800 (No voice support)
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| 29 |
What are the supported voice modems?
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The DLink DFM560E and DFM562E, Longshine LCS-8560C have been tested and are known to work for voice call notifications.
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| 30 |
Which USB Bluetooth dongles can I use with the
sensorProbe8Linux and cameraProbe8?
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The following USB dongles have been tested and are known to work:
Billionton UBTCR3C1
LevelOne MDU-0005USB
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| 31 |
How do I upgrade the firmware on the sensorProbe2 or
the sensorProbe8? |
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This firmware upgrade is for:
sensorProbe2
sensorProbe2-DC
sensorProbe8
sensorProbe8-X20
sensorProbe8-X60
Instructions:
- Download the .zip file and extract its contents to a folder on your computer.
The extracted folder should include the following files:
IPSetX.X.X.X.exe - this is the program that will load the firmware onto the sensorProbe
spX_firmware_DD_MONTH_YY.zip - this file contains the firmware files
readme.txt - contains basic instructions
- We recommend you connect your computer to you sensorProbe using a crossover cable for the upgrade procedure.
- Start the program IPSet
- Click the System Upgrade button
- Enter the IP address of your sensorProbe
- Enter the password for your sensorProbe
- Enter the name and location of your firmware file - e.g. c:\akcp\ spX_firmware_DD_MONTH_YY.zip
- Click the Update button
For support, please contact support@akcp.com
Further questions:
- I have downloaded the .zip file. How do I update my firmware?
Unzip the downloaded file to a folder on you computer, and follow the instructions in this file.
- After installing the updates, do I need to configure anything?
No. After installing the updates, the device will restart. Historical sensor data will
be lost (you can download this data before you begin the upgrade). All configuration
settings that you have made (mail settings, sensor descriptions etc) will remain intact.
On our Linux based products, (cP8, sP8L), there is an option to backup all configuration
settings to a file - you can access this option from the settings page. This is for
your peace of mind in case of a system crash.
You can also backup you configuration files for peace of mind on sP2 and sP8 devices -
use our application configure2.x to do this. You can download the application from our
website, or send an email to support@akcp.com.
- Will this update erase my existing settings?
No. Your settings will remain the same.
- Can I perform the upgrade over the internet?
We recommend you perform the upgrade by connecting your sensorProbe to your PC using a crossover cable.
However, it is also possible to upgrade the firmware over the internet. It may be slow,
and you will need to open up ports on the routers you are using, but it works. There is no
special procedure for doing this - simply perform the upgrade in the normal way, using our
GUI upgrade tool for the sP2 and sP8, or the upgrade section of the web interface on the
Linux based systems.
The firmware upgrade routine checks the integrity of the uploaded code. We have enough
memory on the sensorProbes to store the whole upload code before we do the flash upgrade.
So if the connection breaks or the data transfer has errors, the flash upgrade won't be
started, and the old code will remain functional.
For the sensorProbe (sP2, sP8), we use TFTP (UDP port 69) for firmware upgrades.
- Where can I get more information or help?
Please send an email to support@akcp.com. We aim to answer all support emails within a few hours.
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| 32 |
How do I upgrade the firmware on the cameraProbe8 or
the sensorProbe8Linux? |
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This firmware upgrade is for:
CameraProbe8
sensorProbe8Linux
sensorProbe8L-X20
sensorProbe8L-X60
Contents of the file firmware_cp-XXX.zip:
- cp-XXXX.bin
- lnuxIPSet5.5.3.0.exe
Contents of the file firmware_cp-XXX.zip:
- Download the .zip file and extract its contents to a folder on your computer.
The extracted folder should include the following files:
lnuxIPSetX.X.X.X.exe - this program can be used to load the firmware onto
the sensorProbe, if you can't access the web interface
cp-XXXx.bin - this file contains the firmware
- We recommend you connect your computer to you sensorProbe using a crossover cable for the upgrade procedure.
- Log in to the web interface of your sensorProbe8Linux/
cameraProbe8, as administrator
- Select the Setup tab
- Click Maintenance in the menu on the left side of the web interface
- Click the Upgrade button under System Firmware Upgrade
- You will get a warning message about rebooting the device into upgrade mode - click OK to continue
- The device will reboot into upgrade mode - this will take about 30 seconds, after which you will be redirected to the upgrade mode page
- Follow the on-screen instructions, and when prompted to select the firmware file to upload,
click the Browse button and navigate to the directory holding the file "cp-xxx.bin". Select this file to open.
- Next, click the "Upgrade" button. The upgrade process will take about 60 minutes.
The upgrade should finish without any error, and you will recieve a message saying "Upgrade Complete".
The cameraProbe8/ sensorProbe8Linux will automatically reboot to the normal mode.
Note: You may receive a timeout error message from the web browser while it is reloading
a web interface. Just ignore it, and open the web interface by entering the IP address of
the cameraProbe8/ sensroProbe8 into the web browser.
The upgrade is now finished. On the web interface, click the "Setup" tab. On the System
Description line, it should say version number "CP-MXLVxxx".
Further questions:
- I have downloaded the .zip file. How do I update my firmware?
Unzip the downloaded file to a folder on you computer, and follow the instructions in this file.
- After installing the updates, do I need to configure anything?
No. After installing the updates, the device will restart. Historical sensor data will be
lost (you can download this data before you begin the upgrade). All configuration settings
that you have made (mail settings, sensor descriptions etc) will remain intact.
On our Linux based products, (cP8, sP8L), there is an option to backup all configuration
settings to a file - you can access this option from the settings page. This is for your
peace of mind in case of a system crash.
- Will this update erase my existing settings?
No. Your settings will remain the same.
- an I perform the upgrade over the internet?
We recommend you perform the upgrade by connecting your sensorProbe to your PC using a crossover cable.
However, it is also possible to upgrade the firmware over the internet. It may be slow,
and you will need to open up ports on the routers you are using, but it works. There is no
special procedure for doing this - simply perform the upgrade in the normal way, using our
GUI upgrade tool for the sP2 and sP8, or the upgrade section of the web interface on the
Linux based systems.
The firmware upgrade routine checks the integrity of the uploaded code. We have enough
memory on the sensorProbes to store the whole upload code before we do the flash upgrade.
So if the connection breaks or the data transfer has errors, the flash upgrade won't be
started, and the old code will remain functional.
For linux models of the sensorProbe (sP8L, cP8), we use HTTP (TCP port 80) for firmware upgrades.
- Where can I get more information or help?
Please send an email to support@akcp.com. We aim to answer all support emails within a few hours.
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| 33 |
Which WiFi Dongles are supported by the cameraProbe8?
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Our sensorProbe8Linux, securityProbe and cameraProbe8 (USB) products support the following WiFi adapters:
PLANET 54Mbps Wireless LAN USB Adapter (model: WL-U356)
X-Micro WLAN 11g 54Mbps USB Adapter (model: XWL-11GUZX)
These WiFi adapters use the ZD1211 chipset, which includes Linux drivers.
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| 34 |
Which ports are used by the cameraProbe8 to stream video via the Java Applet or ActiveX?
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UDP ports 809, 810, 811 and 812 are required in order to stream video via the Java Applet or ActiveX |
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| 35 |
The image from a connected camera is not displayed on the summary page of the web interface (cP8 and sP8L devices). Why?
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Check that the camera is connected, enabled, and all your cameras use the same video format (NTSC or PAL).
To do this, go to the settings tab, click Camera Settings, and then click Advanced Camera Settings.
On the page that is displayed, first press the Check Video System radio button at the top of the page.
This will scan the device for connected cameras, which may take a few seconds. Once the system has found your cameras,
check the Enable Camera box for all the cameras you would like to enable. You can click the Preview button
to display the camera image temporarily in a pop-up window. If you cameras are not detected, please send an email
to support@akcp.com. Please note that all the connected cameras should have the same video format (NTSC or PAL),
to ensure the images are displayed correctly.
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| 36 |
Where can I find the source code of the GPL software used on the securityProbe?
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You can find more information on the GPL licensed software used in our products on the GPL information page.
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| 37 |
I seem to have a lot of false alerts being sent from my sensorProbe, how can I reduce, or eliminate these?
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By clicking on the “Sensor Status Filters” button in the sensorProbes web interface for each sensor, you can set,
or add a delay that keeps the alerts from being sent, unless the sensor has been in that state for a certain amount of time.
This feature is also available on the securityProbe and can be setup by clicking on the “Advanced Mode” button located
under each of the sensors settings in the web interface of the unit
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| 38 |
I noticed you have an airflow sensor, can you tell me how can I utilize this sensor in my environment to help prevent problems?
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The AKCP airflow sensor is designed for systems that generate heat in the course of their operation and
a steady flow of air is necessary to dissipate this heat generated. System reliability and safety could be
jeopardized if this cooling airflow stops.
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| 39 |
Can you please explain how your airflow sensor works?
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The way the air flow sensor works is there are two thermisters, one internal and one external.
A thermister changes resistance based on air temperature. The internal thermister is the reference point
and the external thermister changes when the airflow is blown across the top of the sensor,
the difference is this raw output reading. Then the raw output reading is calculated into the percentage of airflow.
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| 40 |
How accurate is your airflow sensor? Does it matter where I have the sensor placed?
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The airflow sensor is not a precision measuring instrument. This device is meant to measure the presence or the absence of air flow.
The placement of the sensor is very important as well as this should be placed so that the airflow flows over the top of the sensor.
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